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Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 8-Cell-The Unit of Life
Sadika
Movement of Neutral Solutes Across the Plasma Membrane: Neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane through a process called simple diffusion. In simple diffusion, solutes move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. This process occurs down the concentration gradient and does not require the input of energy. Polar molecules, however, cannot move across the plasma membrane through simple diffusion because the lipid bilayer is impermeable to them due to its hydrophobic nature. Instead, polar molecules move across the membrane through facilitated diffusion or active transport. Facilitated diffusion involves the use of transport proteins to facilitate the movement of polar molecules across the membrane, while active transport requires energy expenditure to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.
read lessAnswered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 8-Cell-The Unit of Life
Sadika
Double Membrane-Bound Cell Organelles: Two cell organelles that are double membrane-bound are:
Mitochondria:
Chloroplasts:
Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 8-Cell-The Unit of Life
Sadika
Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic cells are characterized by:
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Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 8-Cell-The Unit of Life
Sadika
Division of Labour in Multicellular Organisms: Division of labour in multicellular organisms refers to the specialization of cells, tissues, and organs to perform specific functions. This specialization allows organisms to efficiently carry out various physiological processes necessary for survival. For example:
Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 9- Biomolecules
Sadika
The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its three-dimensional arrangement in space, resulting from interactions between amino acid side chains (R-groups). It represents the folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain into a specific three-dimensional shape, which is essential for the protein's function.
The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized by several types of interactions between amino acid residues, including:
Hydrophobic Interactions: Nonpolar amino acid side chains tend to cluster together in the interior of the protein, away from the surrounding aqueous environment. This minimizes their contact with water molecules and stabilizes the protein structure.
Hydrogen Bonds: Hydrogen bonds form between polar or charged amino acid side chains, contributing to the folding and stabilization of the protein structure.
Disulfide Bonds: Covalent disulfide bonds can form between cysteine residues, creating bridges that help stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins. These bonds are particularly important for maintaining the structure of proteins in extracellular environments or under oxidative conditions.
Ionic Interactions: Ionic interactions occur between positively and negatively charged amino acid side chains, contributing to the overall stability of the protein structure.
Van der Waals Forces: Weak interactions between nonpolar amino acid side chains also contribute to the tertiary structure by promoting close packing of atoms within the protein.
The specific arrangement of these interactions gives rise to the unique three-dimensional shape of each protein, which is crucial for its biological function. The tertiary structure determines how proteins interact with other molecules, such as substrates, cofactors, or other proteins, and ultimately dictates their biological activity. Any disruption or alteration in the tertiary structure can lead to loss of protein function, known as denaturation, which may be reversible or irreversible depending on the extent of structural changes.
Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 9- Biomolecules
Sadika
Certainly! Here are structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight biomolecules:
Glucose:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):
Acetylcholine:
Dopamine:
Serotonin:
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):
Caffeine:
Cholesterol:
Ethanol:
Melatonin:
These biomolecules play crucial roles in various physiological processes and are essential for the proper functioning of living organisms.
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Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 9- Biomolecules
Sadika
Yes, knowing which amino acid is at either end (termini) of a protein can provide valuable information about the purity or homogeneity of the protein sample. Here's how:
Purity of the Protein: If a protein sample is pure, meaning it consists of only one type of protein molecule without any contaminants or impurities, then the amino acid sequence at both termini should be consistent throughout the sample. In other words, all molecules in the sample should have the same amino acid sequence at their N-terminus (beginning) and C-terminus (end).
Homogeneity of the Protein: Homogeneity refers to the degree of uniformity or similarity among the protein molecules in a sample. If a protein sample is homogeneous, all molecules should have the same amino acid sequence at both termini, indicating that they are identical in structure.
Conversely, if there are variations in the amino acid sequences at the termini within the protein sample, it suggests heterogeneity or impurity. This could arise from the presence of different protein isoforms, proteolytic degradation products, or contaminants in the sample.
Therefore, by analyzing the amino acid sequences at the termini of a protein sample, researchers can assess its purity and homogeneity. Consistent amino acid sequences at both termini indicate a pure and homogeneous protein sample, while variations suggest impurities or heterogeneity. This information is crucial for various biochemical and biophysical studies, as well as for ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of experimental results involving proteins.
Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 10-Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Sadika
G0 phase, also known as the quiescent phase or resting phase, is a stage of the cell cycle in which cells exit the active cell cycle and enter a non-dividing state. Cells in G0 phase are metabolically active but are not actively proliferating. Instead, they may carry out specialized functions, undergo differentiation, or remain in a dormant state until signaled to re-enter the cell cycle.
The transition of cells from the active cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M phases) to G0 phase can be triggered by various factors, including:
Cellular Differentiation: Cells may exit the cell cycle to undergo differentiation into specialized cell types with specific functions. Once differentiated, these cells may remain in G0 phase indefinitely or resume proliferation in response to signals.
Cellular Senescence: Aging or damaged cells may enter G0 phase as a protective mechanism to prevent the propagation of DNA damage or mutations. Senescent cells remain metabolically active but do not divide further.
External Signals: External signals from the cellular microenvironment, such as growth factors, nutrient availability, or contact inhibition, can induce cells to enter G0 phase. These signals may promote cell growth and proliferation or trigger cell cycle arrest and entry into G0 phase, depending on the cellular context.
Cells in G0 phase can remain in this state temporarily or indefinitely, depending on the specific cell type and environmental conditions. Importantly, cells in G0 phase retain the ability to re-enter the active cell cycle and proliferate in response to appropriate signals. This flexibility allows cells to adapt to changing physiological demands and maintain tissue homeostasis.
Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 10-Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Sadika
Mitosis is often referred to as equational division because it results in the production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. This term highlights the fact that the genetic content of the daughter cells remains constant throughout the process of mitosis, with no change in ploidy.
During mitosis, the replicated chromosomes in the parent cell are evenly distributed between the two daughter cells, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of chromosomes. This process occurs in several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible under the microscope. During metaphase, the condensed chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, a plane located equidistant between the two poles of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, the separated chromatids arrive at the poles, and nuclear envelopes reform around them, resulting in the formation of two distinct daughter nuclei.
Throughout these stages, the genetic material is distributed equally between the daughter cells, resulting in two genetically identical cells. Unlike meiosis, which involves a reduction in ploidy and results in the formation of haploid daughter cells, mitosis preserves the ploidy level of the parent cell, leading to equational division.
Therefore, mitosis is called equational division because it maintains the equilibrium of genetic material between the parent cell and its daughter cells, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material present in the parent cell.
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Answered on 09 Apr Learn Chapter 10-Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Sadika
The stage of the cell cycle at which chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator is called metaphase. During metaphase, the condensed chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, which is located at the equator of the mitotic spindle. This alignment ensures that each chromatid is properly attached to microtubules from opposite poles of the cell, preparing the chromosomes for their subsequent separation during anaphase.
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